A Formally Verified Library of Mathematical Finance in Lean 4
Formalized mathematical finance in proof assistants is narrow and incomplete: prior work covers only isolated models (CRR in Isabelle, a single Ito-to-Black-Scholes derivation in Lean 4), and none offers a systematic way to state how faithful a formalization is to the mathematics it claims.
The authors build a broad Lean 4 library of mathematical finance on top of Mathlib and the BrownianMotion package, spanning eleven areas with over 200 sorry-free theorems. The library constructs the continuous L2 Ito integral as a bounded linear isometry, derives the risk-neutral pricing measure via a static Girsanov change of measure rather than assuming it, and proves the binomial-to-Black-Scholes scaling limit. A four-tier faithfulness audit classifies every theorem by how its Lean statement relates to the mathematical claim, backed by a build-enforced axiom gate that pins the exact axioms each proof uses.
The library contains 251 sorry-free theorems across eleven areas, with 204 classified as full formalizations and 28 as reduced-core (holding under added hypotheses). This is the most comprehensive machine-checked development of mathematical finance to date, covering derivative pricing, risk measurement, portfolio theory, and fixed income in a single coherent framework.
| this work | Nagy (2026) | Echenim-Peltier (2017) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| prover | Lean 4 | Lean 4 | Isabelle/HOL |
| scope | 11 areas, 251 theorems | one derivation (Ito to BS) | one model (CRR) + completeness |
| continuous Ito integral | constructed | structurally verified | - |
| risk-neutral measure | derived (Girsanov/Esscher) | derived (two-state FTAP) | assumed |
| faithfulness audit | yes (4-tier + axiom gate) | - | - |
| tier | count |
|---|---|
| full | 204 |
| library_wrapper | 19 |
| reduced_core | 28 |
| placeholder | 0 |
