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A deterministic sin^2-type algorithm for complex cubic irrationalities with exact periodicity certificates

Ludovic Tagnon

math.NT Aug 24, 2026 · v1
The plastic-case transition graph of the sin^2-type algorithm for complex cubic irrationalities is machine-checked in Lean 4, kernel-only.
Hermite asked in 1848 for a representation of real numbers whose eventual periodicity characterizes cubic irrationals. The totally real case was solved by Karpenkov's $\sin^2$-algorithm; the complex case, signature (1,1), is his Problem 4. We study a deterministic algorithm implementing his suggested analytic extension: the score expression is strictly negative on (1,1) data (closed form proved), the most negative score is selected, and exact score ties are resolved by a declared ordering. On a sample of 205 complex cubic polynomials, every run closes projectively with an exact unit certificate, each transition certified by exact comparisons in $\mathbb{Q}(α)$. An exhaustive campaign over the full box $[-3,3]^3$ closes 194/194. Across 457 deformed bases, the terminal cycle is an invariant of the marked lattice. Certified finite transition graphs are computed for four fields; the plastic case is machine-checked in Lean 4, kernel-only. All data ship in a public archive with a portable verifier.

Hermite's 1848 problem seeks a representation of reals whose eventual periodicity characterizes cubic irrationals; the complex signature (1,1) case (Karpenkov's Problem 4) is open. A deterministic sin^2-type algorithm needs certified evidence of periodicity with exact unit certificates.

A deterministic algorithm implements the analytic extension of the sin^2 formula, selecting the most negative score and resolving ties by a declared ordering, with transitions certified by exact comparisons in Q(alpha). Forward closures compute finite functional graphs whose cycles and basins are decided by exact finite computation. For the plastic instance x^3+x-1, the exact transition map's functional graph is machine-checked in Lean 4 using the kernel only.

On 205 complex cubic polynomials every run closes projectively with an exact unit certificate; an exhaustive box campaign closes 194/194; 457 deformed bases confirm terminal-cycle invariance. Four fields get certified finite transition graphs; the plastic case (2285 states) is Lean 4 kernel-verified. The general periodicity theorem remains conjectural.

BlockSizeExactnessShows
Mass campaign205 runsexact-replayed, unit certsperiodicity with units
Box campaign194 runssame standardexhaustive box
Deformations457 startsexact states/certscanonical-cycle invariance
Complete closures4 fields; plastic 2285 statesplastic graph Lean 4 kernel-checkedconvergence over finite state sets
Certification status by block (excerpt)