Uniform logarithmic Sobolev inequalities for the 2D Coulomb gas at the diffusive temperature scale
Matthew Rosenzweig
math.PR
Aug 25, 2026 · v2
math-ph math.AP
TL;DR
Both main theorems and all results their proofs invoke, including literature results, are formalized in Lean 4, with a public repository and kernel/Nanoda checking.
Abstract
For $N\ge2$ and $β>0$, consider the canonical 2D Coulomb gas ensemble \begin{equation} \mathrm{d}\mathbb{P}_{N,β}(Z) =\mathsf{Z}_{N,β}^{-1}e^{-β|Z|^2/2} \prod_{i<j}|z_i-z_j|^{β/N}\mathrm{d} Z \qquadon \mathbb{C}^N. \end{equation} The factor $N^{-1}$ in the pair exponent places the ensemble at the diffusive, or high-temperature, scale. We prove that, for every fixed inverse temperature $β>0$, this Gibbs measure satisfies a logarithmic Sobolev inequality (LSI) on the closed Dirichlet-form domain generated by collision-free compactly supported smooth functions, with a positive constant independent of $N$. The LSI constant may be chosen uniformly when $β$ ranges over a compact subset of $(0,\infty)$. A second main result establishes Poincaré and logarithmic Sobolev inequalities for planar Gaussian measures weighted by finite products of positive powers of distances to points, with constants depending only on the total variance of the underlying Gaussian measure and the total exponent, not on the number or locations of the points. To prove the full labeled Poincaré inequality, we decompose variance into permutation-invariant and label-dependent parts, controlled respectively by a weighted $\bar\partial$ estimate and by relative-coordinate conditioning with random transpositions; separately, one-site logarithmic Sobolev inequalities, a conditional entropy inequality, and a repulsive partition estimate give a defective logarithmic Sobolev inequality. Rothaus tightening combines the resulting full labeled Poincaré inequality with the defective logarithmic Sobolev inequality. The two main theorems on their stated closed form domains and all results used in their formal proofs, including those from the literature, have been formalized in Lean 4.
Problem
The question is whether the canonical 2D Coulomb gas at the diffusive (high-temperature) scale satisfies a logarithmic Sobolev inequality with a constant independent of the particle number N. Bounded-perturbation and Hessian-based methods fail because the interaction is singular and unbounded.
Approach
The variance is split into permutation-invariant and label-dependent parts. The first part is controlled by a weighted d-bar estimate, and the second by relative-coordinate conditioning with random transpositions. One-site weighted Gaussian LSIs, a conditional entropy inequality and a repulsive partition estimate give a defective LSI, which Rothaus tightening combines with the Poincaré inequality. The two main theorems and all results their formal proofs depend on are formalized in Lean 4. The formalization is checked by Lean's kernel and the Nanoda checker using only the standard axioms.
Results
The Gibbs measure satisfies an N-uniform LSI for every fixed β>0, and the constant is uniform when β ranges over a compact set. Separately, Poincaré and LSI inequalities hold for planar Gaussians weighted by powers of distances to points, with constants independent of the number and locations of the points. The Lean formalization is released in a public repository.