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First page of Trace-Tree Magmas: Proof-Producing Infinite Countermodels and 28 New Order-Five Austin Classifications

Trace-Tree Magmas: Proof-Producing Infinite Countermodels and 28 New Order-Five Austin Classifications

Jiaming Zhao, Bing Wu, Tong Yang, Xu Miao

cs.LO Sep 4, 2026 · v3 math.LO
Generates self-contained Lean 4 certificates for infinite trace-tree magma countermodels, independently checked by Lean, establishing new Austin law classifications.
Finite model finders cannot witness an Austin law: an identity whose finite models are all trivial but which has a nontrivial infinite model. We introduce rank-decreasing sparse trace-tree magmas, finitely presented total operations on a countably infinite constructor-tree carrier. The default product pairs its arguments; finitely many positive Horn clauses define exceptions. Our main procedure derives clauses from symbolic evaluation traces. For every model found, it proves functionality of the exceptional relation by descent on constructor size, proves the identity by exhaustive symbolic case analysis, and emits a self-contained Lean 4 certificate. A least simultaneous fixed point gives an implementation-independent semantics, so bounded search may miss models but cannot invalidate certified results. On ETP's 96 order-five Austin candidates, we discover and Lean-verify infinite countermodels for 28 identities with no prior public classification in our audit. They form 14 duality classes and establish 28 new Austin classifications. Four ALPS-known cases bring the total to 32 certified candidates. On Canonical-4187, the deduplicated union of Order5-130 and the 4,141-row ALPS pool, a fresh trace run produces 636 certificates, all accepted by Judge v3. At equal resource limits, Vampire 5.0.1, E 3.5.1, and complete Twee 2.6.1 jointly prove implications in 94 canonical classes. Only Twee returns trusted counter-satisfiable outcomes, for 18 classes; independent finite-side certificates force 16 to be infinite. None of these ATPs emits an explicit model or Lean certificate, and none decides the 28 new classifications. To the best of our audit, this is the first automated system to synthesize this trace-tree model family, generate well-founded inversion proofs, and emit self-contained Lean 4 certificates.

Austin laws are magma identities whose finite models are all trivial but which have a nontrivial infinite model. Finite model finders cannot witness them, and the Equational Theories Project listed 96 order-five candidates with no known infinite model.

The authors introduce rank-decreasing sparse trace-tree magmas: total operations on a countably infinite constructor-tree carrier, where the default product pairs its arguments and finitely many Horn clauses define exceptions. Clauses are derived from symbolic evaluation traces of the source law. For each model, functionality is proved by descent on constructor size and the identity by exhaustive symbolic case analysis. A self-contained Lean 4 certificate is then emitted and serves as the trust authority.

Lean-verified infinite countermodels were found for 28 of the 96 order-five candidates, forming 14 duality classes and giving 28 new Austin classifications (32 certified candidates in total). On the 4,187-class Canonical-4187 pool, a trace run produced 636 accepted certificates. Vampire, E and Twee emitted no explicit models or Lean certificates and decided none of the 28 new classifications.