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Improved bounds for universal convex covers of unit arcs

Ethan Keller

math.MG Sep 18, 2026 · v1 cs.CG
Lower and upper bounds for Moser's worm problem convex universal cover are formalized in Lean 4 with Mathlib and verified by the kernel using rational certificates and decide.
Moser's worm problem asks for a planar region of least area containing a congruent copy of every unit arc. We show that the infimum area $α$ among convex universal covers satisfies $0.239\leα\le0.24633\ldots$, reducing the gap between the previous refereed bounds by over $75\%$. For the lower bound, we choose four unit polygonal arcs and prove by finite subdivision that, however they are placed, their convex hull has area at least $0.239$. For the upper bound, we construct a quadrilateral of area $0.24633\ldots$ and prove cover universality by showing that its support inequalities force uncovered arcs to have length greater than one. The full proof is formalized in Lean 4 and verified by the Lean kernel. Code and certificates are available at https://github.com/ethan-keller/moser-worm-improved-bounds.

Moser's worm problem asks for the minimum area of a planar region containing a congruent copy of every unit arc. The infimum area among convex universal covers is unknown, so work focuses on bounding it.

For the lower bound, four polygonal unit arcs are chosen and finite subdivision proves their joint convex hull always has area at least 0.239. For the upper bound, a rational quadrilateral is constructed and support inequalities are combined via a finite certificate to force any uncovered arc to have length greater than one. Search programs produce rational certificates exported to Lean declarations, with finite numerical checks proved by decide plus the kernel. Formal soundness theorems establish that certificate acceptance implies the geometric bounds.

The infimum area alpha satisfies 0.239 <= alpha <= 0.24633..., reducing the gap between previous refereed bounds by over 75%. Both bounds are verified by the Lean kernel without native_decide.

BoundsLowerUpper
Previous refereed0.2322390.261799...
Recent unrefereed0.237436580.257883595...
This paper0.2390.2463322372...
Bounds comparison with prior work