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First page of The Missing Zigzag: Cycles of Semitone Trichords and a Conservation Law in Equal Temperament

The Missing Zigzag: Cycles of Semitone Trichords and a Conservation Law in Equal Temperament

David Victor Feldman

math.GM Aug 21, 2026 · v1
The zigzag classification (conservation law, exclusions at n=6 and 12, and existence construction) is formalized and machine-checked in Lean 4 with Mathlib.
A cycle of nine pitch classes in twelve-tone equal temperament can be arranged so that its nine consecutive three-note windows realize, exactly once each, every trichord type containing a semitone – types taken up to transposition but not inversion. Such cycles exist in abundance, and generalize to n-tone equal temperament, where the windows realize the n-3 semitone-containing types. In every one of the 1764 such cycles in twelve-tone equal temperament, the chromatic trichord 012 appears scalarly, as a direct chromatic run, and never in a broken "zigzag" contour such as 1-0-2. Why is the zigzag missing? We show that the zigzag presentation behaves as a conserved topological charge of an underlying interval-flow network: it occurs if and only if 3 divides n and n is neither 6 nor 12. The forward obstruction is a Z/3-valued conservation law, proved for all n by a weight-function argument; the two exceptional temperaments – one of them the common Western tuning – are excluded by finite certificates; and existence for every other multiple of 3 follows from an explicit construction. We also quantify rarity, and give exact censuses well beyond the reach of direct search. The classification is machine verified in Lean 4 in both directions. The paper is written for two audiences. Musical sections require no more than pitch-class set vocabulary; the mathematical development is self-contained and elementary, yet fully rigorous.

Cycles of n-3 pitch classes in n-TET whose consecutive three-note windows realize every semitone-containing trichord type exactly once are called trichord cycles. In 12-TET all 1764 such cycles present the chromatic trichord scalarly and never as a zigzag. The paper asks why, and for which n zigzag presentations occur.

Cycles are reduced to pairs consisting of a balanced, closed, connected choice of trichord forms and an Eulerian circuit on an interval-flow multigraph. A Z/3-valued weight function gives a conservation law: a zigzag forces 3 | n. Finite certificates exclude n=6 and n=12, and a pumping construction lifts zigzag cycles from n to n+6, starting from the bases 15 and 18. The principal results are formalized in Lean 4 with Mathlib, and the 12-TET exclusion relies on a reflected compiled computation.

A zigzag presentation occurs if and only if 3 divides n and n is neither 6 nor 12. Exact censuses of scalar and zigzag cycles are given, and the classification is machine-checked in Lean in both directions.

n912141516
scalar A(n)017642459610368440830
zigzag B(n)24005760
orbits (total)1525622288489
Labelled scalar and zigzag cycle counts by temperament n (selected values)