Invariant Rings of Adjacent-Quadratic Triangular Derivations
Ahmed M. Adly
math.AC
Oct 1, 2026 · v2
math.RA
TL;DR
Key polynomial identities, invariance, strictness, and per-weight generation certificates up to weight 14 are machine-checked in core Lean (without Mathlib), with the formalization supplied as supplementary material.
Abstract
Let $k$ be a field of characteristic zero and $D_N(a_n)=a_{n+1}a_{n+2}$ the adjacent-quadratic locally nilpotent derivation on $A_N=k[a_0,\dots,a_N]$. We determine the invariant ring at $N=5$, where deleting $a_0$ gives the polynomial base kernel $B^{D_5}=K=k[p,q,J_1,J_2]$, so localization gives the polynomial-line invariant algebra $(A_5^{D_5})_{pq}=K_{pq}[W]$ with $W=F_0/(p^2q^4)$, but this does not by itself determine the global kernel. An invariant $H$ of weight $24$ and $a_0$-degree $2$ lies outside $K[F_0]$, and adjoining it gives the six-generator hypersurface $C_5$; the obstruction is explained by algebraic residue behavior defeating naive denominator descent. An invariant $F_{46}^{int}$ of weight $46$ and $a_0$-degree $4$ lies outside $C_5$ and satisfies $p^2F_{46}^{int}\in C_5$. To pass from this candidate to the full invariant ring, a second slice chart arising from $f_{13}$, together with exact $q$- and $p$-saturation, yields $A_5^{D_5}=C_5[F_{46}^{int}]$, hence finite generation, with a codimension-two complete-intersection presentation and explicit Hilbert series. At $N=6$ the transported $B$-level ring is exact, while the $A_6$ analysis is established through total degree $13$ and the full $A_6$ invariant ring remains open.
Problem
The goal is to determine the invariant ring (kernel) of the adjacent-quadratic triangular locally nilpotent derivation D_N(a_n)=a_{n+1}a_{n+2} on k[a_0,...,a_N] in characteristic zero. The localized kernel at N=5 is a polynomial line, but that description does not by itself determine the global kernel.
Approach
The five-variable base kernel K=k[p,q,J_1,J_2] and the explicit invariant F_0 are computed. Residue-field analysis at the primes q and p explains why naive denominator descent fails and locates the missing invariants H (weight 24) and F_46^int (weight 46). A second slice chart and exact p- and q-saturation complete the description. Computational certificates are re-verified in core Lean by native evaluation, including invariance, relations, strictness, and integer witness certificates for generation through weight 14.
Results
The N=5 invariant ring is A_5^{D_5}=C_5[F_46^int], where C_5 is a six-generator hypersurface. It is finitely generated, with a codimension-two complete-intersection presentation and an explicit Hilbert series. At N=6 the B-level ring is determined exactly, the A_6 analysis holds through total degree 13, and the full A_6 invariant ring remains open.